WEB 2.0

Web 2.0 internet edo webaren bigarren generazioa da. Hemen, erabiltzaileen partehartzea eta informazio trukaketa sustatzen dira. Hau webgune sozialak, komunikazio tresnak eta folksonomiak erabiliz lortzen da.

Web 2.0arekin lortu nahi dena, web 1.0aren aldean weborri interaktiboak lortzea, gizarteak sortutako edukietako informazioa aprobetxatuz, eta gainera bisualki erakargarria izatea.

Web 2.0 izena O’Reilly Mediako Dale Dougherthyk erabili zuen lehen aldiz MediaLiveko Craig Clinekin batera eman zuen konferentzia batetan, webaren berpizteaz eta eboluzioaz hitzegiten zeudela, ideien ekaitz (brainstorm) baten bitartez sortuta.

Tim O’Reilly-ren arabera; “Usted puede visualizar Web 2.0 como un sistema de principios y prácticas que conforman un verdadero sistema solar de sitios que muestran algunos o todos esos principios, a una distancia variable de ese núcleo.”

Horrela ba, Web 1.0 eta 2.0an erabilitako kontzeptuak horrela beereiz ditzakegu.

Web 1.0 Web 2.0
Doble click –> Google AdSense
Ofoto –> Flickr
Akamai –> BitTorrent
mp3.com –> Napster
Britannica Online –> Wikipedia
personal websites –> blogging
evite –> upcoming.org and EVDB
domain name speculation –> search engine optimization
page views –> cost per click
screen scraping –> web services
publishing –> participation
content management systems –> wikis
directories (taxonomy) –> tagging (‘folksonomy’)
stickiness –> syndication

ERABILITAKO WEBHORRIAK:
* Wikipediako web 2.0ari buz¡ruzko artikulua
* Fundacion telefonikako web 2.0ari buruzko artikulua

KEVIN KELLY

Kevin Kelly nació en Pensilvania en 1952 y se graduó en la Escuela Secundaria Westfield, en Westfield, Nueva Jersey en 1970. A pesar de que dejó la Universidad de Rhode Island, después de sólo un año, sus textos han aparecido en el New York Times, Esquire , The Economist y otras publicaciones periódicas, además de los libros que ha escrito y las revistas que ha editado, fundado, o ayudado a fundar.

Cuando tenía 27 años Kevin Kelly era un foto periodista y no pudo entrar en su albergue en Jerusalén porque tarde para un toque de queda. Durmió en el supuesto lugar donde Jesús fue crucificado, y, por la mañana tuvo una experiencia religiosa. Decidió vivir como si le quedasen seis meses para vivir. Se fue y vivió en paz con sus padres, regaló su dinerote una forma anónima, visitó a sus amigos, y regresó a casa a “morir” en la noche de Halloween.

En 1981, Kelly fundó el diario Walking Journal. Es un ex editor de Whole Earth Review, Signal y algunas de las ediciones posteriores de Whole Earth Catalog. Ha sido director de la Fundación Punto (Point Foundation), que patrocinó la primera Conferencia de Hackers en 1984, antes de que la palabra hacker tuviera una connotación negativa.

Kelly está implicado en una campaña para hacer un inventario completo de todas las especies vivientes de la tierra, conocido como the linnaean Enterprise. El objetivo es hacer en una generación (25 años) un catalogo de todas las especies basado en una Web.

Kelly vive en Pacifica, California, una pequeña ciudad costera al sur de San Francisco y es un devoto cristiano, está casado y tiene tres hijos.

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Bibliografía: Articulo sobre Kevin Kelly en wikipedia

debate 3

Even though HyperText Markup Language has been the most extended markup language since the appearance of the Web, recent steps towards semantic integration brought up the necessity of a new tool capable of administrating data. This led to the creation of eXtended Marked Language.

While the sintaxis of XML and HTML is similar (they were both based on SGML), their functions and characteristics differ:

Both HTML and XML place tags around an element to describe it. HTML uses tags to determine the visual display (e.g. font size), whereas tags in XML indicate the category of each element (e.g. “city”, “date”, “name”…). This helps structure the content of the text.
Most HTML users put their attention only on getting the page look the way they want it to, even if the structure behind it is left disorganized. With XML, documents won’t show up unless they’re correctly constructed (well formed), thus forcing an arrangement to be respected. The format of XML documents makes them portable to different platforms and allows structured data coming from other sources to be combined easily.
HTML tags are predefined and limited. Instead, XML lets users create their own tags to classify elements with more precision. As an example, if we had every book written by Shakespeare marked as such, we’d be able to access a list to all of them. With the current methods, however, performing a search about “books” and “Shakespeare” gives us mixed results between works written by him and about him.
The internet is now heading towards eXtended HyperText Markup Language. XHTML is a hybrid of XML and HTML, where information is described in one layer and given the format needed to present it in a browser separately.

References:

Objetivos y usos del XML (2001, June 21). In DesarrolloWeb.com, by Miguel Ángel Álvarez. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
¿Cómo se diferencia el XML del HTML? (2003, November 11). In Maestros del Web, by Christian Van Der Henst S.. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
¿Por qué XML? (2003, April 17). In GAMAROD. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
Tutorial de XML en Flash (2004, April 5). In Cristalab, by Freddie. Retrieved December 10, 2008.

XML (2008, November 28). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved December 11, 2008.

Ainhize Leon, Aiora Juaristi, Ana Cristina Guerra, Ayanta García, Maialen Etxeberria, María Losada.

debate 2

Walter J. Ong, well known for his studies in oral and written communication, coined the term “secondary orality”, describing it as “essentially a more deliberate and self-conscious orality, based permanently on the use of writing and print” [1].

Ong calls the electronic age an age of secondary orality. These are the main aspects to be taken into account:

Electronic text is multisensory. Words are often displaced by images or videos, which enhance the ways a message can be transmited. This makes the interchange closer to oral communication, which couldn’t happen with printed books.
The solitary experience of either writing or reading the printed page encourages distance and impartiality. On the other hand, electronic text and oral text are both flexible: With hypermedia, “the reader participates in calling forth and defining the text of each particular reading”[2].
The value given to authorship diminishes. Internet projects such as the wikis require a large number of collaborators to work while getting no credit. These type of sites are spreading, and return us to the anonymity characteristic of primary orality.
Quoting Brenda Danet, specialist in communication on the Internet: “Although we are just beginning to research the issues involved, it already appears that a new ‘orality’ is emerging in digital writing, which may result in a culture which places far less value on originality, and more on an ambiance of ‘togetherness’ based on community of interest among fragmented subgroups dispersed in place and time.”

References:
[1]. ^ Walter J. Ong in Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982).
[2]. ^ Bolter in Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext and the History of Writing (1991).

Orality, Literacy, Digitality. (1996, August 15). In Constructivism at work, by Nick Lilly. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
Secondary orality. (2008, September 8). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
Orality and Hypertext: An interview with Ted Nelson. (1996). In Cyberspace Report by Jim Whitehead. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
Oral/Literate/Hypertext. (1994). In Bob Fowler’s Home Page by Robert M. Fowler. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
The Prehistory of Cyberelectronic Language(s). (2003). In Hypermedia Joyce Studies by Donald F. Theall. Retrieved November 12, 2008.

Ainhize Leon, Aiora Juaristi, Ana Cristina Guerra, Ayanta García, Maialen Etxeberria, María Losada.

debate 1

Kevin Kelly (born 1952) is the founding executive editor of Wired magazine, and a former editor/publisher of the Whole Earth Catalog. He is considered by some an expert in digital culture.

In his talk at the EG 2007 Conference, Kelly estimates that today’s Web has about the complexity of a human brain and by the year 2040 it will exceed all of humanity in its processing power. His vision is that in the next 5,000 days one single, global machine will evolve with the Web as its operating system. Every bit of data will be on the Web, and the machine will be able to think by itself and know us.

Kevin Kelly points to a progression from the pre-web linking of computers to the web’s linking of pages. In the next stage, which some call the Semantic Web, the machine will link data directly to other data, wherever it may be. We will link from one idea (or word) on a page to another idea or word, rather than just link from one page to another. This restructuring of the Web will lead to every noun having a representation and being supported by the entire web.

References:

Video of the 2007 EG conference talk: Kevin Kelly on the next 5,000 days of the web. (2008, July). In TED: Ideas worth spreading. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
The Immersive Internet and Kevin Kelly’s “5,000 days of the Web”. (2008, July 31). In ThinkBalm: Immersive Internet insights & expertise, by Sam Driver and Erica Driver. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
Kevin Kelly looks to the next 5000 days of the Web. (2008, August 1). In ZDNet by Paul Miller. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
Kevin Kelly. (2008, October 9). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

Ainhize Leon, Aiora Juaristi, Ana Cristina Guerra, Ayanta García, Maialen Etxeberria, María Losada.

INTERNET

Internet mundu osoan erabiltzen den sare bat da. TCP/IP protokoloak erabiltzen dituzten milioika ordenagailu daude elkarbanaturik. Interneten bidez hainbat zerbitzu erabil daitezke, web-a, FTP fitxategien transferentzia, posta elektronikoa, txat-a edo elkarrizketa eta bat bateko mezularitza. Normalean internet hitza www-rekin nahasten dugu, baina ez da gauza bera world wide web-a interneten zati bat bakarrik baita.

 

Hasiera batean internet gauza zehatzetarako erabiltzen zen, informazioa bilatu eta gutxi gehiago, eta erabiltzen zutenak ere gutxi batzuk ziren. Gaur egun ordea erabiltzaileen kopurua izugarri hazi da.

 

Honek alde onak eta txarrak ditu. Interneterako sarrera hainbeste jendek edukitzeak esan nahi du jende honek informazio iturri oso aberats baterako sarrera duela eta ondorioz ondo informatuta egoteko aukera eta behar duen informazio guztia aurkitzeko aukera duela. Gainera interneten bidez gauza asko egitea errazagoa da, bidaia baterako txartelak erosi, edo denda bateko produkturen bat erosi. Zure txartel zenbakia jartzearekin nahikoa da.

 

Honek bere alde txarrak ere baditu ordea. Badago interneten bidez iruzurrak egiten dakien jendea. Zure txartelaren zenbakia jartzean, zure kontu korrontera sarrera lortzen dute eta nahi dutena egin dezakete. Gainera, pilpilean dagoen beste arazo bat ere badago. Interneten bidez unibertsitateko titulu faltsuak eskura daitezke 250 euro ordainduta eta gero oso zaila da delitua egin duena harrapatzea. Beste jende batek birus informatikoak sortzen ditu, nonbait klikatzean ordenagailuan sartzen zaizkizunak eta gero garesti ordaindu behar zaio informatikoari birusa ken dezan.

 

Ondorioz, nik uste dut internet aurrerapauso handia dela baina arrisku handiak dituela gutxi kontrolatuta dagoelako edo batzuentzat oso erraza delako beraren bidez iruzurrak egitea.

 

AIORA JUARISTI